The author reports on studies of choices of visual metaphors for sound parameters. In the sound domain he looked at frequency, waveform, amplitude, and duration.

Ward, W. D. "Subjective Musical Pitch." J. Acous. Soc. Am. 26(3) 369--380.

Ward presents empirical evidence that the pitch of pure tones is a subjective judgment of the listener, not very consistent across subjects, and whose rate of change is independent of the frequency level of the acoustic source.

Wallach, H., E. B. Newman, and M. R. Rosenzweig. "The Precedence Effect in Sound Localization." Am. J. Psych. 57 (1949): 315--336.

In a reverberant room, two similar sounds reach a subject's ears from different directions, with one sound following the other after a short delay; yet the subject fuses them into a single sound and localizes this sound based on the source of the first sound to reach the ears. The authors study this perceptual phenomena, which they term the "precedence effect."

Warren, D. H., R. B. Welch, and T. J. McCarthy. "The Role of Visual-Auditory `Compellingness' in the Ventriloquism Effect: Implications for Transitivity Among the Spatial Senses." Percep. & Psycho. 30 (1981): 557--564.

The authors study intersensory interactions and find, with sufficiently compelling cues, visual cues can [text missing?].

Warren, W. H., R. R. Verbrugge. "Auditory Perception of Breaking and Bouncing Events: A Case Study in Ecological Acoustics." J. Exp. Psych. 10 (1984): 704--712.

A seminal study of everyday listening which used analysis and synthesis of events to link acoustical information to event perception.

Weber, C. R. "Sonic Enhancement of Map Information: Experiments Using Harmonic Intervals." Unpublished dissertation, Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993.

The author has found an relationship among aural variables that is analogous to the hierarchy of visual variables presented by Bertin (1983). Pitch supersedes both texture (consonance) and color (scale position).

Weber, C. R., and M. A. Yuan. "Statistical Analysis of Various Adjectives Predicting Consonance/Dissonance and Intertonal Distance in Harmonic Intervals." Technical Papers, ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention, New Orleans, Vol. 1, 391--400.

The authors report successful delineation of relative consonance and intertonal distance selection by subjects associating dyads with various continua of cartographic adjectives. These results seem to hold only when the dyads are presented in isolation.

Welch, R. B. Perceptual Modification: Adapting to Altered Sensory Environments. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

Excellent classic source on adaptation and response to presentation of altered sensory cues. Welch also considers intersensory interactions (more on this can be found in a paper by Welch and Warren (1986)).

Welch, R. B., and D. H. Warren. "Intersensory Interactions." In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, edited by K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas, chap. 25. New York: Wiley, 1986.

The authors review and evaluate research on intersensory bias, particularly interactions between vision and audition on detection, spatial localization, and perception of temporal events. They take the view that sensory modalities vary in their appropriateness for the perception of various events.

Wenzel, E. M., F. L. Wightman, and S. H. Foster. "Development of a Three-Dimensional Auditory Display System." SIGCHI Bull. 20 (1988): 52--57.

An early description of the three-dimensional auditory display system created at NASA-Ames that would become the Convolvotron. The authors describe measurement and testing of HRTFs.

Wenzel, E. M., and S. H. Foste. "Real-Time Digital Synthesis of Virtual Acoustic Environments." Comp. Graphics 24(2) (1990): 139--140.

Wenzel, E. M., F. L. Wightman, and D. J. Kistler. "Localization with Non-individualized Virtual Acoustic Display Cues." in CHI '91 Proceedings, 351--359. Reading, MA: ACM Press/Addison-Wesley, 1991.

Virtual interface research is represented in the work of Wenzel et al. (1988, 1990, 1991) who have developed three-dimensional auditory cues transmitted over user-worn headphones. The authors have found that even simple auditory cues--such as a sound signaling a direction, distance, and, finally, contact with a virtual object--can aid the user in manipulating the virtual world.

Wenzel, E. M. "Localization in Virtual Acoustic Displays." Presence: Teleop. & Virtual Environ. 1 (1992): 80--107.

Wenzel provides an overview of the acoustical, psychoacoustical, and technological bases for the synthesis of spatial sound in virtual displays, with an emphasis on the work conducted at NASA-Ames Research Center.

Wenzel, E. M. "Spatial Sound and Sonification." In Auditory Display: Sonification, Audification, and Auditory Interfaces, edited by G. Kramer. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. XVIII. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1994.

Wenzel provides a brief description of three-dimensional sound synthesis and describes the performance advantages that can be expected when these techniques are applied to sound streams in sonification displays. Specific examples, and the lessons learned from each, are discussed for applications in telerobotic control, aeronautical displays, and shuttle launch communications.

"What's That Noise." Home Mechanix (May 1986): 81--107.

This article includes descriptions of the sounds that can be useful in diagnosing problems with automobiles.

Wiener, F. M., and D. A. Ross. "The Pressure Distribution in the Auditory Canal in a Progressive Sound Field." J. Acous. Soc. Am. 18 (1946): 401.

The authors took sound measurements using probe microphones. According to Blauert (1969), they were the first to measure the linear distortions caused by pinna, head, and ear canal.

Wightman, F. L., and D. J. Kistler. "Headphone Simulation of Free-Field Listening I: Stimulus Synthesis." J. Acous. Soc. Am. 85 (1989): 858--867.

The authors describe a technique for measuring head-related transfer functions and synthesizing static virtual sound sources, which forms the basis of current approaches to spatial sound displays.

Wildes, R., and W. Richards. "Recovering Material Properties from Sound." In Natural Computation, edited by W. Richards. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.

Using analytical physics, the authors suggest that auditory identification of material involves judging damping and partial bandwidth, which together specify the internal friction-characterizing materials.

Williams, M. G., S. Smith, and G. Pecelli. "Experimentally Driven Visual Language Design: Texture Perception Experiments for Iconographic Displays." In Proceedings of the IEEE 1989 Visual Languages Workshop, held in Rome, Italy, 62--67. Rome: IEEE, 1989.

In this report the authors describe the only formal experiment conducted to date by the University of Massachusetts' Lowell group to evaluate their "iconographic" approach to both visualization and sonification. Like many similar experiments conducted during the 1980s, it showed that subjects' performance on a data analysis task improved modestly when the subjects used a combined visual-auditory data display rather than just a visual data display.

Williams, M. G., S. Smith, and G. Pecelli. "Computer-Human Interface Issues in the Design of an Intelligent Workstation for Scientific Visualization." SIGCHI Bull. 21 (4) (1990): 44--49.

The Exploratory Visualization project presents sonification of anatomic map data through an iconic technique. See annotations to S. Smith and G. Grinstein.

Williams, S. M. "STREAMER: A Prototype Tool for Computational Modelling of Auditory Grouping Effects." Research Report No: CS-89-31, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1989.

Williams presents a simple gestalt-based computational model of auditory streaming together with a proposition for a framework of auditory gestalt.

Williams, S. M. "Perceptual Principles in Sound Grouping." In Auditory Display: Sonification, Audification, and Auditory Interfaces, edited by G. Kramer. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. Vol. XVIII. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1994.

Overview of auditory perception from a gestalt viewpoint, presenting examples of phenomena which may influence the interpretation of Auditory Displays.

Witten, M. "Increasing Our Understanding of Biological Models Through Visual and Sonic Representations: A Cortical Case Study." Intl. J. Supercomp. Appl. 6(3) (Fall 1992): 257--280.

Witten describes the use of integrated sonification and visualization in representation of digitized image data.